Children’s services referral and assessment

Children's services have a legal duty to investigate situations in which a concern about a child's safety and well-being has been expressed. The child protection investigation is primarily the responsibility of social workers within children's services, but they also collaborate closely with police, health workers, and other professionals who are connected to the child and/or family.

What is a referral and who can make a referral to children's services?

In the context of child protection, a referral happens when someone contacts children's services because they are concerned about a child's safety and well-being. A referral can be made by anyone, including a parent, extended family member, friend, doctor, teacher, or health visitor.

What happens when children's services receive a referral?

• the child(ren) require immediate protection and thus urgent and immediate action is required;
• the child(ren) is/are in need;
• there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the child(ren) is/are suffering, or is/are likely to suffer, significant harm and whether further enquiries need to be made;
• any services which the child(ren) and/or family require and what they are;
• whether any further specialist assessments are needed to help children's services determine what further action to take;
• whether any action needs to be taken; and
• if there is no further action they can take, whether to refer the matter to a more appropriate agency.

What happens if children's services decide to conduct an assessment following a referral?

Unless a child or children require immediate protection, the majority of cases will begin with a social worker conducting a multi-agency assessment under Section 17 Children Act 1989. The assessment must be completed within 45 days of the referral date. This was previously referred to as an initial or core assessment.

The objective of the assessment is to collect information and analyse the needs of the child or children and/or their family, as well as the nature and level of any risk of harm to the child or children.

Each local authority will have its own child protection procedure and assessment protocols. However, the investigation will almost always require that a social worker:

• visit the family and discuss the allegations which have been made;
• conduct an interview with the child away from the family;
• liaise with other professionals who are involved with the child and/or family;
• assess the developmental needs of the child;
• assess the ability of the parents to respond to the child’s needs; and
• consider the impact the family, the family history, the wider family and environmental factors are having on the parents’ capacity to respond to their child’s needs and the child’s developmental progress.

What if I do not want my child to be interviewed independently?

Every assessment must be informed by the views of the child, as well as the family.

Children’s services are legally required under the Children Act 1989 to ascertain the child’s wishes and feelings about the provision of services. The Working Together to Safeguard Children Guidance states that children should be seen alone, wherever possible.

When speaking with the child, social workers must observe and communicate in a manner appropriate to his age and understanding.

If a parent refuses to give consent for a social worker to speak to the child on their own, professionals may become concerned about the child's safety and well-being. This can result in children's services becoming more involved; for example, a court order can be sought to ensure the child's safety.

What possible outcomes are there of an assessment by children's services?

As a result of the assessment, children’s services will decide one of the following:

• that the child is not ‘in need’. In this case, children’s services will take no further action other than, where appropriate, to provide information and advice in accordance with the local Common Assessment Framework .
• that the child is ‘in need’, but it has been determined that the child is not suffering, or considered likely to suffer, significant harm. In this case, children’s services will determine the support which will be provided and draw up a ‘ Child In Need ’ plan accordingly. For more information see our page on Child in need.
• that the child is ‘in need’ and that there are concerns that the child is suffering, or considered likely to suffer, significant harm. In which case, children’s services will initiate a strategy discussion to determine whether a Section 47 investigation is necessary; and consider whether any immediate protective action is also required.

Strategy discussion

When children's services has reason to believe that a child is at risk of suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm, a strategy discussion is arranged. Children's services lead the discussion, which may include other agencies such as the police, health and education providers.

The aim of the meeting is to:

• share information between the agencies involved;
• decide what further steps should be taken to safeguard the child concerned, including any immediate action where appropriate;
• plan the Section 47 investigation (if one is to be undertaken), including the need for further information;
• determine when the child will be interviewed alone by the lead social worker (where appropriate given the age of the child); and
• determine what information from the strategy discussion will be shared with the family, unless such information sharing may place a child at increased risk of harm or jeopardise any criminal investigation.

Parents and family will not be invited to participate or attend the strategy discussion.

Section 47 investigation

The local authority is required by Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 to make inquiries and conduct investigations if there are reasonable grounds to suspect that a child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm. The purpose of these inquiries is to determine whether the local authority needs to take any further action to promote or safeguard the child's welfare.

A child can be placed on a ‘ child protection plan ’ if the outcome of the Section 47 investigation has determined that the child is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm. More information can be found on our page on Child protection conferences and plans.

How will children’s services decide whether the child is at risk of harm?

Harm is defined as:

“The ill-treatment, or the impairment of health or development, including for example, impairment suffered from seeing or hearing the ill-treatment of another.”

• “development” means physical, intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development;
• “health” means physical or mental health;
• “ill-treatment” includes sexual abuse and forms of ill-treatment which are not physical.’ (Section 31 (9) Children Act 1989)

Where the question of whether the harm suffered by a child is significant turns on the child’s health or development, it is necessary to compare his health or development with what could reasonably be expected of a similar child (Section 31 (10) Children Act 1989).

Going further

If you wish to initiate a complaint against children's services, detailed information can be found in our How-to Guide.

This information is correct at the time of writing, 8th August 2024 . The law in this area is subject to change.

Coram Children’s Legal Centre cannot be held responsible if changes to the law outdate this publication. Individuals may print or photocopy information in CCLC publications for their personal use.

Professionals, organisations and institutions must obtain permission from the CCLC to print or photocopy our publications in full or in part.